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ELVIS PRESLEY:
HERO WITH A THOUSAND FACES

by Susan MacDougall
(Formerly of the University of Canberra)

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ARCHETYPAL ELEMENTS

Some of the archetypal elements listed in Appendix 2 resonate in the story of Elvis's life. The shadow, for instance, brings to mind these words from the song "And I Love You So":

And yes, I know how lonely life can be,
Shadows follow me,
And the night won't set me free."

Then, there is the protective and nurturing mother, and the maiden who is to be protected from monsters and shadows, but who, because of flaws, may cause the destruction of the hero. Certainly, Priscilla was involved in the burning of Elvis's religious books in 1967, which was a setback to his spiritual journey. The controlling elements around him did not want Elvis to become more religious, and Priscilla was probably used by them.

 

DISCUSSION

These, then are the archetypes which have been described in this paper: The Hero; The King; The Saviour; The Fairytale Prince; Superman; The Hero's Journey; and, Faces. Overall, how does Elvis match up against the myth of the hero?

Elvis matches some elements in most of them. On first sight, the fairytale prince is the closest, with a modern twist. Elvis himself becomes an archetype for the modern day family breakdown and the dangers of fame and drugs. But also, he was a type of superman in his own way - an ordinary person who became larger than life onstage and reached out to masses of people - and he even had the classic features of ancient statues! Heroes can have flaws and still find redemption. While Elvis does not particularly fit the saviour archetype, the shrines, pilgrimage and candlelight vigils suggest a strong religious aura around him. For his part, he did not see himself as the leader of a new religion or cult, but as a conduit to existing faiths.

The Lighted Candle site considers that Elvis best fits the wounded king archetype: Elvis was inadequately empowered and could not complete his mission. Rosen, in The Tao of Elvis, also suggests that Elvis failed to conquer his internal demons and achieve the necessary transformation or "wholeness", but that he can be redeemed through his suffering and his empathy for the suffering of others. According to Madeleine Wilson, of the British Elvis Gospel Fan Club: "His problem was that he was not fulfilling his destiny. Sometimes it breaks your heart to know how unhappy he was. Elvis should have been a preacher. He knew what he was meant to do, but the pressures on him were so great." (Rhodes, 2002).

But did Elvis really fail to fulfill his destiny? That depends, of course, on what you think his destiny was. Certainly his career was stunted and stifled by his manager, and Elvis himself thought he was going nowhere. He failed to find fulfilment and peace of mind on a personal level. However, if his mission was to preach and bring people back to spiritual values, then maybe he did succeed and is still succeeding. He incorporated preaching into his later concerts, reading the Bible and singing gospel songs on stage. Even now, so long since his death, there have been instances of people being drawn to religion as a result of listening to Elvis's music, especially his gospel songs.

"We still create myths and heroes today. We need heroes to look up to and help us make sense of our own lives. In the USA, John F. Kennedy was a typical example of the mythologizing of a human figure: his achievements have become enhanced despite his failings, and his tragic death sealed the legend. Similarly, Ataturk in Turkey or Gaddafi in Libya have been mythologized by their cultures. There are many others. We still need heroes, and are prepared to forgive their faults in return for their defeat of shadow, and their presence as beacons of hope." (Steele, 1998).

 

CONCLUSION

The Presley story is particularly powerful because it fits the "myth of the hero" archetype in more ways than one - the "rags to riches" fairytale prince, the power/powerlessness of Superman/ordinary person, and even the king archetype. We know that, like Heracles or Samson, Elvis wasn't perfect, but we know that he can be redeemed. Elvis even had classic facial features, reminiscent of ancient heroes, kings and gods. The fact that he does not fit the saviour archetype very well suggests that he may not head a new religion or cult, but that is by no means certain. He was a charismatic figure who changed many people's lives, leaving behind stories and legends and reports of miracles. This is how new religions are born. His story resonates strongly within us because of unconscious "cultural memories". Whether as a secular or religious hero, pagan or Christian, Elvis is becoming elevated to a higher plane.

 

SOURCES:

Adelman, Jacob, A super man, or biblical hero? Canberra Times, 24 June 2006, Panorama section p. 24.

"Bilbo's World : Introduction to Fairy Tales" <http://www.delanohighschool.org/BillBaugher/stories/storyReader$1127>

Campbell, Joseph, The hero's journey. Harper & Row, San Francisco, c1990. 255 pp.

Campbell, Joseph, The hero with a thousand faces. Princeton University Press, 1968, 2nd ed. 416 pp.

Eliot, Alexander, The universal myth: heroes, gods, tricksters and others. Penguin, New York, c1976. 310 pp.

"Elvis the Archetype", <http://www.elvislightedcandle.org/theman/archetype.html>

"Joseph Campbell", <http://www.jitterbug.com/origins/myth.html>

MacDougall, Susan, "Elvis: a Classic Beauty", Elvis Presley Fan Club of Queensland, <http://www.geocities.com/elvis_fanclub_qld/classic.html>

P., Terri, "Not just for Elvis Fans ... " [Review of The Tao of Elvis], Amazon.com, 2002?, <http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0156007371/002-0420223-0464056?v=glance>

Patterson, Nigel, "Elvis: Sightings and Faith - Making Sense of the seemingly Absurd", Elvis Symposium 2003-04. <http://www.geocities.com/elvissymposium/nigelsightings.htm>

Rhodes , Peter, "In another World - Elvis the Preacher", Express & Star, December 23, 2002. <http://www.expressandstar.com/artman/publish/article_20272.shtml>

Rosen, David, The Tao of Elvis. Harvest Books, 2002, 224p.

Steele, Helen, "Myth across Time: Jung, Archetypes and Strange Journeys". Mythos: fantasy & myth, Issue Twelve, October 1998. <http://outer-rim.lweb.net/mythos/strange.html>

Strausbaugh, John, E: reflections on the birth of the Elvis faith. Blast, New York, 1995. 223 pp.

Wilson, Madeleine, Prayers of Elvis. Shalom, [Wolverhampton], 2002. 31 pp.

 

APPENDIX 1

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DEFINITIONS

Archetype:

= primal pattern, prototype, model, blueprint, standard or framework; "ancient imprints"; universally understood pattern of behaviour. Archetypes link myths and legends across cultures and across time.

Demigod:

= a mythological being with more power than a mortal but less than a god; a semi-divine being. Strictly speaking, the demigods of Greek mythology were"half-gods," one of whose parents was a god and the other was a human. The term "demigod" is sometimes used to refer to minor gods, though this is not the proper definition of the term.

Fable:

= a fictitious narrative with an animal as main character

Fairytale:

= a fictitious narrative with a human main character where the narrative includes fantasy and is told as entertainment but which can also carry serious meanings at many levels.

Legend:

= a traditional story; a person having a special place in public esteem because of striking qualities or deeds, real or fictitious

Myth:

= stories across all cultures that are used to explain, rationalise and explore. "Myths are the Dreams of the Race: Dreams are the Myths of the Individual" (Freud);

= the conscious manifestation of archetypes within racial memories in the unconscious mind (Jung).

Primary Epic:

= A long, adventurous story that ties together all the oral myths and traditions of a culture into a single heroic story. Examples of primary epics include: Kalevala (Finland); Beowulf and Le Morte D'Arthur (Britain); Gilgamesh (Mesapotamia); The Iliad and The Odyssey (Greece); The Ramayana and The Mahabharata (India); Heike Monogatari (Japan), Chanson de Roland (France).

Secondary epic:

= A story created in the style of the epic based on the authors' own imagination, rather than on oral history. Examples of secondary epics include: Aeneid, Divine Comedy, Paradise Lost.





APPENDIX 2

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ARCHETYPAL ELEMENTS FOUND IN MYTHS

Various common elements have been identified in myth, some of which are explained below ("Joseph Campbell", nd):

Death:

Death haunts the Hero. It is a recurring theme for heroes to cause the deaths (accidentally or deliberately) of their own fathers or mentors; and many heroes die prematurely or tragically.

Mentor:

Often, the mentor is personified as a wise old man, but can be any companion who brings advice and aid to the hero. It is the Mentor who explains the inexplicable. He cannot defeat the shadow himself, but provides the hero with the knowledge to do so. Examples in myth include Merlin (King Arthur), Obi-wan Kenobi (Star Wars), Lugalbanda and Eabani from the Gilgamesh myths. The Mentor can also be described as the Father figure: he nurtures and trains the hero, without necessarily being a hero himself.

Mother:

She represents fertility, warmth, the protection of home and hearth. She need not necessarily be the mother of any of the protagonists, but fills the eternal need. Mother archetypes are particularly common in myths about the gods. Mothers are the protectors and nurturers of heroes.

Maiden:

The virgin, the pure object of love, for the hero to protect from monsters and the shadows. Like the hero, she may have faults, and in many cases, the maiden causes the destruction of the hero because of her flawed (female) nature.

Shadow:

The shadow is the dark side of humanity, represented by: demons in theological myths; dragons and monsters in classic hero myths; Mordred in the Arthurian myth; Grendel, Darth Vader in the Star Wars movies. With these shadows, societies are able to explain the darkness within and rationalize them.

Of course, the shadow can also equate with external evil. Evil gods were replaced by a single adversary, Satan, in monotheistic religions. Then, sometime during the 19th century a new metaphor for evil appeared which may be replacing the idea of a literal Satan: The Machine (also called The System). This idea may have been introduced by Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892), in his Idylls of the King (which retells the King Arthur myth). Tennyson used the Industrial Revolution, machines in particular, as the symbol of evil. In a sense science had "killed God" by seemingly disproving some of the literal claims in the Bible, and machines were seen as the physical embodiment of science, so spiritually-hungry Victorians embraced this idea.

Redemption:

A common aspect of shadow myths is the theme of redemption. George Lucas recognized this in "The Return of the Jedi" when Darth Vader confronts the dark side, achieves redemption and is no longer the shadow. He becomes instead the Wise Old Man.

 

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